INTRODUCTION

Coccidiosis is a highly prevalent and economically important parasitic disease of poultry, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. It primarily affects chickens but can also occur in turkeys and other poultry species. The disease damages the intestinal tract, leading to poor feed conversion, reduced growth, decreased egg production, and increased mortality, especially in young birds.

HISTORY

Coccidiosis has been recognized in poultry for over a century. First scientifically described in the late 19th century. Became a major problem with the development of intensive poultry farming. Still remains one of the most costly diseases in the global poultry industry despite advances in management and vaccination. Considered an endemic disease in most poultry-producing regions worldwide.

ETIOLOGY

Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria species, which are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites.

• Kingdom: Protista
• Phylum: Apicomplexa
• Genus: Eimeria

Common pathogenic species in chickens include:

• Eimeria tenella (ceca)
• Eimeria necatrix (small intestine)
• Eimeria acervulina (upper intestine)
• Eimeria maxima (mid intestine)
• Eimeria brunetti (lower intestine)

Each species affects a specific part of the intestine.

TRANSMISSION

Transmission occurs through the fecal–oral route. Birds ingest sporulated oocysts from contaminated litter, feed, water, or equipment. Oocysts survive for long periods in warm, moist environments. Poor hygiene, overcrowding, wet litter, and poor ventilation increase disease spread. After ingestion, the parasite multiplies rapidly in intestinal cells, causing tissue damage and clinical disease.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Clinical signs depend on the Eimeria species involved and severity of infection.

Common signs include:

• Reduced feed intake
• Poor weight gain and stunted growth
• Diarrhea (watery, mucoid, or bloody)
• Ruffled feathers and depression
• Dehydration
• Pale comb and wattles
• Drop in egg production (layers)
• Increased mortality in severe cases

Post-mortem findings:

• Hemorrhage in intestines
• Thickened intestinal walls
• Blood or necrotic debris in ceca or intestines

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of coccidiosis is based on:

Clinical Signs:

• Diarrhea, poor growth, bloody droppings

Post-mortem Examination:

• Characteristic intestinal lesions

Laboratory Diagnosis:

• Fecal examination for oocysts
• Lesion scoring
• Histopathology (if needed)

Differential Diagnosis:

• Necrotic enteritis
• Salmonellosis
• Histomoniasis
• Worm infestations

TREATMENT

Treatment aims to control infection and reduce losses.

• Anticoccidial: ASAMPRO 20% Powder
• Supportive Therapy: ASHIVITA Powder

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

1. LITTER MANAGEMENT

Proper litter management is crucial to prevent sporulation of oocysts.

• Keep litter dry
• Ensure good drainage and ventilation
• Regular removal of wet or caked litter

2. ANTICOCCIDIAL PROGRAMS

• Use anticoccidials Asampro 20% powder in feed or water.
• Rotate drugs to prevent resistance
• Follow correct dosage and withdrawal periods

3. BIOSECURITY MEASURES

• Restrict movement of people and equipment
• Clean and disinfect poultry houses between batches
• Use footbaths and protective clothing
• Avoid mixing birds of different ages

CONCLUSION

Coccidiosis remains one of the most significant diseases affecting poultry production worldwide. Effective control requires an integrated approach involving good litter management, anticoccidial programs, vaccination, strict biosecurity, and proper nutrition. Early diagnosis and timely treatment help reduce economic losses and improve flock performance. Maintaining high management standards is essential for sustainable poultry production.